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Enterococcus faecalis is a major nosocomial uropathogen. We report here the epidemiological investigation of drug resistance and in vitro biofilm formation among E. faecalis strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in the Charles Nicolle Tunisian hospital from October 2015 to March 2016. The microbial isolates obtained after urine cultivation on CLED agar were identified by Gram staining, oxidase or catalase reaction, and conventional biochemical tests. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method according to recommended French standard. Biofilm formation was quantified using the microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining. The 28 E. faecalis urinary isolates showed systematic susceptibility to rifampicin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid; high rates of resistance (75 to 96.4%) to erythromycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; medium rates of resistance to norfloxacin and gentamicin (57.1%); and low resistance frequencies (3.6 to 7.1%) to ampicillin, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. Multi-resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics was detected in 20 isolates (71.4%). The patients infected by E. faecalis were predominantly men with a mean age of 47 years, with an underlying disease. All the 28 E. faecalis isolates effectively formed biofilms to varying degrees. The correlation between biofilm formation, multi-resistance to antibiotics, and underlying diseases is discussed.

This study was performed on 12 dogs, divided in two Groups (A and B) placing six animals in each randomly to determine the best suturing technique from single layer inverting and double layer inverting suture techniques for cystotomy.. In group-A the cystotomy incision was closed with single layer inverting suturing technique, while in group-B the bladder wound was closed with double layer inverting suturing technique in which a simple continuous pattern was followed by cushing suturing pattern. Both techniques were evaluated by ultrasonographic examination and urine anlaysis. Results revealed more urine retention in group-A as compared to group-B. While more number of uric acid crystals were seen in group-B than group-A post operatively. It was concluded that double layer inverting suture technique significantly decrease bladder intraluminal diameter which result in frequent urination and less residual urine volume, also it showed that nidus formation can lead to accumulation of uric acid crystals in urinary bladder after cystotomy

Urinary tract infections are regarded as one of the most infection diseases caused by bacteria, especially in females, as it’s estimated that 50% of all women get at list a urinary tract infection during their life time. In community settings, urinary tract infections mainly affect women that are active sexually, whereas among the middle hospitable, they are the people of old age and the carriers, who are mostly affected. Allium sativum has for many years been known and used as one of the best active herbal plants for management of various illnesses caused by bacteria. Garlic exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The inhibitory effect of fresh garlic extract against gram negative multidrug resistant bacteria was the same as compared to the inhibitory effects attained from the drug-susceptible strains of Escherichia. Coli.