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In spite of the fact that basalt is a widespread type of rock, there is very little available information on using it as cement raw material. A basaltic rock, which consists mainly of plagioclase, olivine, and some pyroxene, is formed during the Red Sea rifting, which is an important cement raw material. In this study, the effect of Al-Hemmah-Resan Ikteifa basaltic rocks on the physical properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been investigated. The sintering reactions in prepared clinker samples were recorded by means of differential thermal analysis. Free lime content in all clinker samples was measured. The texture of clinkers and differences between clinkers minerals are identified physically using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX. The calcination temperature and transformations in the structures of basalts were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The final products were tested for chemical analysis, compressive strength, setting time properties according to the European Standard (EN 196). The results show that basaltic rocks used in Portland cement industry caused an increase in setting time and compressive strength. The cement prepared with basalt was found to have similar strength properties to those obtained with natural shales. For this reason, utilization of basalts in cement applications is expected to give better results than shales. It is concluded that basaltic rocks could be used as shale for Portland cement as an industrial applications. This would play an important role in reducing environmental pollution. Useful conclusions and recommendations concerning the use of Al-Hemmah-Resan Ikteifa basaltic rocks in the production of some blended cements as a substitution from different types of cement raw materials were obtained.

This paper centres around the new strategies of cultivating, which focus on limited scope cultivating and its advancements. Development is a higher priority than at any other time in present-day horticulture; the overall industry surfaces significant difficulties, for example, mounting supply costs, work lacks, and changes in purchaser top choices for clarity and manageability. Agricultural enterprises have developed acknowledgement that arrangements are required for these difficulties. Over the ten years, horticultural innovation has encountered solid venture development, with $ 6.7 billion invested in five years and $ 1.9 billion relatively recently. The super mechanical developments in space have zeroed in on regions like indoor vertical horticulture, robotization and advanced mechanics, domesticated animals innovation, current nursery rehearses, accuracy agribusiness, and computerized reasoning. In many years, the studio business has changed from limited scope offices utilized fundamentally for exploration and feel purposes (i.e., professional flowerbeds) to altogether more prominent scope offices that contend straightforwardly with the development of ordinary earthly food sources. Nowadays, in enormous offer because of tremendous late enhancements in developing innovation, the business is seeing a thriving more than ever. The present nurseries were increasingly arising for a vast scope, with capital and escalated on the city. In this paper, the scientist gathered information from the 250 little ranchers from Kerala who have a solid base of rural and innovative information. According to the review, indoor cultivating and utilizing advances are assisting the ranchers with expanding their work fulfilment and yield. Both elucidating insights and inferential measurements were used to decipher the outcomes.

The single-unit full-coverage crown is a fixed dental appliance that completely restores a severely decayed tooth. In practice, practitioners may encounter at least one occurrence of loosening of this crown. Previous studies indicate a prevalence of 0.55 to 5.5% at 5 years, and that it adversely affects patients\' esthetics. The aim of this study was to describe the loosening of a single-unit total veneer crown in the anterior region. This is a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted the month of January 2015 to the month of January 2020. All patients with a loosened anterior single-unit full-coverage crown who consulted the dentistry department of the Dispensaire Kintana and the Centre de Soins Spécialisés en Odonto-Stomatologie, CHU Mahavoky Atsimo were included in this study. Those who did not wish to be surveyed were excluded. The study comprised 32.6% men and 67.4% women. Forty-three (43) loosened crowns were identified, 46.5% of which occurred less than a year after placement, 37.2% between 1 and 3 years and 11.6% between 4 and 6 years. The associated factors were overbite (62.8%), inappropriate dental preparation (46.5%) and poor choice or handling of bonding materials (37.2%). A significant relationship was found between the occurrence of loosening and overbite and bonding materials, p=0.018. Loose crowns are mainly due to clinical errors. To ensure the success of the prosthesis, prosthetists must be vigilant in pointing out any errors to the practitioner before making the crown.

Traffic congestion at urban roundabouts represents a critical challenge in developing cities such as N’Djamena, the capital of Chad, where rapid urbanization, heterogeneous traffic composition, informal driving behaviors, and limited road infrastructure significantly degrade mobility and traffic efficiency [1], [2]. In such environments, conventional fixed-time and rule-based traffic signal control systems lack the adaptability required to respond effectively to highly dynamic and uncertain traffic conditions. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning–based intelligent traffic signal control framework specifically designed for signalized roundabouts in developing-city contexts, with a particular focus on the traffic characteristics of N’Djamena. The proposed system models traffic signal control as a sequential decision-making problem, in which an autonomous reinforcement learning agent continuously observes real-time traffic states—such as queue lengths, vehicle waiting times, and traffic density—and learns optimal red-light and green-light timing policies through direct interaction with the traffic environment. Unlike traditional approaches, the proposed method does not rely on predefined signal plans or prior traffic flow models, enabling it to adapt effectively to fluctuating and unbalanced traffic demand typical of N’Djamena’s urban road network. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated through traffic simulation experiments configured to reflect realistic traffic conditions observed in N’Djamena, including heterogeneous vehicle types and variable demand patterns. Performance comparisons with conventional fixed-time signal control demonstrate substantial reductions in average vehicle waiting time, queue length, and overall congestion. These results confirm the potential of reinforcement learning–based traffic signal control as a scalable and cost-effective solution for adaptive traffic management in resource-constrained urban environments and highlight its applicability to intelligent transportation systems in developing cities.