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The current research investigates Socio-Economic Characteristics of Herders Of Irrigated Plains. Data were collected from primary as well as secondary data. It was revealed that household head in rice, mixed and cotton zones of Punjab was 31, 36 and 33 years respectively (table 44). it ranged from 20-56, 25-6 1 and 23-50 yeas in rice, mixed and cotton zone in Punjab, respectively. Number of years of farming experience might positively be associated with risk taking, particularly in the adoption of crop production technology. Mean years of farming experience of household head in rice and cotton zones of Sindh was 29 and 34 years, respectively. It ranged from 21 to 48 and 24 to 58 respectively (table 44). The farming experience plays a significant role in the adoption of improved production technology and managing institutional arid technological mobilization.

The study was conducted in Central Darfur State (CDS) in 2015 to examine the impact of recent Darfur conflicts on the socio economic factors and income generating activities of the different livelihoods groups living in the study area. To achieve this goal, a multi - stage random sampling technique was applied to draw the sample size from the target population. Accordingly, 202 respondents were selected by virtue of the so-called the Attribute Sample Size techniques. A mixture of both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect the data on target population, but depending mainly on structured questionnaire. Respondents were asked to give direct information about their socio-economic characteristics, their income source, other livelihoods strategies and the influence of the conflicts on the everyday life of IDPs, nomads, rural and urban settlements. The data collected for, three time periods, were examined, the first period (2000) represents the situation before the conflict. The second period (2006) represents the severe situation after the conflicts were erupted, whereas the last period (2012) represents the situation in which IDPs start to return voluntarily after Darfur peace agreement signed in Doha in 2011 after which people enjoyed comparative peace and security conditions became comparatively conducive for undertaking economic activities. The socio-economic characteristics examined include, sex of the household head, education level, marital status and family size, residence of the respondents, security and economic activities, land ownership and utilization, livestock ownership, economic activities and household annual income. Descriptive analysis including percentage, averages, were compared to reveal the impact of the current conflicts on these variables and on the income generated as well as other livelihood strategies in the study area.